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The warm, dry 21st century accelerated declines in freshwater ecosystem health and native biodiversity, and contributed to extensive tree deaths in headwater forests. California’s current drought is in its fourth year, but research indicates that the state and the rest of the West had ancient megadroughts that lasted decades and sometimes two centuries.A tree stump in Mono Lake in California, shown in 1980, that grew during an ancient drought and was submerged when wet years returned. In coastal communities, excessive water pumping can lead to The drought was so bad that "a dry Sonoma was declared entirely unsuitable for agriculture".This drought was preceded by the torrential floods of 1861–1862.The 1950s drought contributed to the creation of the 1977 had been the driest year in state history to date.Additionally as drought prediction was essentially random and in response to recent severe drought years, in 1977 the U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Water Research and Technology contracted California endured one of its longest droughts ever, observed from late 1986 through late 1992. Tree-ring analysis has revealed many historic droughts, including one throughout much of the Southwest around 200 A.D. that lasted for five decades.While many scientists think they have a good idea why California’s current drought began — it is related to the Pacific water temperature fluctuations, they say — no one is certain what caused the megadroughts of the past. The drought reduced water deliveries from local, regional, state, and federal water projects at a time of historically high water demands. And the environment would be hit very hard, Lund said, as reduced stream flows would threaten whole ecosystems.“But I was actually surprised at how well we’d get through such a drought,” he said. Precipitation in some of areas of the state are at the lowest point since record keeping began in the 1800s. Very few large-scale water projects have been built since 1979, despite the population doubling since that year.Because much of California's water network relies on a system of pumps to move water from north to south, large volumes of water are often lost to the Pacific Ocean during winter storms when river flow exceeds the capacity of the pumps. This is further complicated by environmental rules which restrict pumping during certain months of the year, to protect migrating fish. By dating the stumps using radioactive carbon techniques and noting their elevations, Dr. Stine was able to reconstruct the ancient water levels and thus the drought history of the area.The extent of these two droughts has been debated — Dr. Stine says they affected areas well beyond California, but other scientists are not so sure.“The evidence for the existence of sustained severe droughts is pretty convincing,” said Still, the two long droughts show that “this is centuries-scale stuff,” Dr. Stine said.“Equally as important but much easier to forget is that we consider the last 150 years or so to be normal,” he added. “All of that growth occurred at a time when more water was available than you’d expect in the long term,” he said.“Asking if we would be planning for a drought that happened in 5000 B.C. Research “just doesn’t give us the mechanism of steady atmospheric circulation keeping one region dry for decades,” Overpeck said.A different kind of analysis led to the discovery of two very long droughts, one that began in the 9th century and lasted about 200 years, and another that began in the 13th and lasted for a century and a half.In the 1990s, Scott Stine, a professor at what is now called California State University, East Bay, took advantage of a decline in the levels of Mono Lake and other lakes and streams in the eastern Sierra Nevadas to study tree stumps, still rooted in the ground, that had become visible after having been submerged for hundreds of years.At some point, water levels must have been low enough for long enough for the trees to grow. "According to NASA, tests published in January 2014 have shown that the twelve months prior to January 2014 were the driest on record, since record-keeping began in 1885.In 2014, a study by the UC California Institute for Water Resources was released which found that rainfall has been abnormally high since the late 1800s.The California Department of Fish and Wildlife closed dozens of streams and rivers to fishing in 2014. Marcus argues that California needs to "conserve what little we have to use later in the year, or even in future years. California is in the fourth year of a severe, hot drought—the kind that is increasingly likely as the climate warms. The drought of 2007–2009 also saw greatly reduced water diversions from the state water project. In the spring of 2015, the The drought led to Governor Jerry Brown's instituting mandatory 25 percent water restrictions in June 2015.Many millions of California trees died from the drought – approximately 102 million, including 62 million in 2016 alone.The winter of 2016–17 turned out to be the wettest on record in Northern California, surpassing the previous record set in 1982–83.Adaptation is the process of adjusting to circumstances, which means not trying to stop the drought, but trying to preserve the water given the drought conditions.

Scott Stine used carbon dating of stumps to recreate the drought history of the area. The state’s drought is by many measures the worst since record-keeping began, but scientists say that in the more ancient past California had droughts that lasted decades. The drought killed 102 million trees from 2011 to 2016, with 62 million killed in 2016 alone.

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