international resistance to apartheid essayjoe's original dartmouth menu

It had huge investments in South Africa’s mining industry and nearly every major British company had a South African subsidiary. It targeted the largest supermarket chains, Tesco and Sainsbury’s, urging them to stop buying products from South Africa. The apartheid system was greatly criticised by the overseas community and was also strongly opposed by resistance movements like the 1976 Soweto Uprising and by underground movements which operated both in South Africa, and in other African countries these included the African National Congress (ANC). The AAM produced a film, New targets were identified: gold, coal and tourism. The Rugby Football Union sent another team in 1984, but pressure from the AAM and ministers ensured it was the last to do so.The revolution in Iran in 1979 saw South Africa’s main source of crude oil cut off, and the UN Special Committee, together with the Holland Committee on South Africa and the church initiative Kairos, organised a seminar which called for an oil embargo against South Africa. The British government changed its stance at the UN, and gave its support for UNSC resolution 772, which authorised the UN to send monitors to South Africa. On the day of the meeting between Botha and Thatcher, 50,000 people marched to an AAM rally in Hyde Park.British opposition to Thatcher’s increasingly conservative rule resonated with an anti-apartheid ethos, and opposition to Thatcher naturally morphed into opposition to apartheid.By the mid-80s, the AAM had mobilised a vast network and succeeded in largely overwhelming opposition to sanctions. The reaction of the outside world to the development of apartheid was widespread, and by the 1980s posed a sustained challenge to the South African regime, which, facing myriad internal and external threats, eventually capitulated to make way for a new, democratic dispensation. The Bantu Homelands were autonomous and ethnically homogenous. Observer missions were then established by the OAU, the Commonwealth and the European Community.The AAM’s last mass rally was held at Trafalgar Square on 20 June 1993, where The AAM’s last campaign, ‘Countdown to Democracy’, launched in January 1994, appealed to Britons to donate money to the ANC, which had initiated a ‘votes for freedom’ appeal. From then on the TUC made South Africa a priority, even producing a film promoting the boycott, which was seen in cinemas throughout the UK.Churches, invited by the South African Council of Churches, attended the launch in 1985 of the Kairos document, which called on Christians to recognise the period as one calling for unprecedented interventions. The ANC called for sanctions to be maintained until a transitional executive council was in place, and the AAM endorsed the ANC’s call. Unable to openly side with a racist regime, and publicly expressing abhorrence of apartheid, Thatcher used every loophole to oppose sanctions, preferring ‘dialogue, steady pressure and exploitation on SA provided by our economic involvement there’.According to Christabel Gurney: ‘At the moment when the AAM was at last succeeding in building a coalition of support for the isolation of apartheid, it was confronted by a prime minister who was implacably opposed to sanctions.’Nonetheless, it is a testament to the AAM that even a government as conservative as Thatcher’s was forced to take steps against Pretoria that eventually pushed it to the negotiating table. Labour’s NEC took a more radical line than the government, and pushed for a freeze on new investment.But the election of Margaret Thatcher in 1979 meant that the AAM could rely even less on the British government to back its campaigns.The success of Robert Mugabe’s ZANU-PF party in the first democratic election in Zimbabwe in March 1980 left South Africa exposed as the only racist regime remaining in Africa, and freed the badly stretched AAM to focus its scarce resources on its South African campaigns. In Namibia they were East Caprivi, Ovamboland, and Kanagoland.During apartheid in South Africa most Black people were not allowed into cities. Rather than dissolve itself, the AAM continued to monitor developments in South Africa. however, the Trades Union Congress, which had strong links with the conservative, white-dominated TUCSA in South Africa, turned down an invitation to attend the AAM’s national committee in 1961.

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