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Even worse, genes may diverge from each other in evolution until finally they have no sequence resemblance at all, yet the protein they code retains exactly the same function. The fact that “matter” can be turned into “energy” is one of the less difficult ones for us to imagine because our ordinary experience seems to tell us (quite erroneously) that this happens every time we burn a piece of paper. It is a problem because that evaluation requires an acquaintance with an immense penumbra of fact and theory that surrounds any particular observation and which provides its context. In attempting to discredit what he and many scholars and scientists in the elite culture see as an imperfect society he is directing his fire at its most commendable institution, an institution which in fact functions in accordance with essentially the same norms across various social systems. For example, the use of the DNA-based Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) now allows us to detect Cytomegalovirus infections of the nervous system in AIDS patients early enough to begin treatment that can prevent major disability. These advances would be impossible without the type of basic research into the role of genes in disease that Lewontin disparages.Additionally, Lewontin criticizes the attempt to sequence the human genome by stating that if he knows “the DNA sequence of a gene [he has] no hint about the function of a protein specified by that gene, or how it enters into an organism’s biology.” This is untrue. The Fine Art of Baloney Detection begins with an odd admission, considering that Sagan was an atheist. He wrote this very revealing comment (the italics were in the original). I did not invent the notion of the confrontation between elite and popular culture nor the identification of an elite culture by poor farmers and miners. The product of the new gene, however, has a totally different function, as yet undetermined. Third, it is said that there is no place for an argument from authority in science. However, I believe that even a cursory analysis of the advances of biological science in the last twenty years shows that we are better off because of the massive government funding of molecular biology.…Professor Lewontin makes important points about the impediments placed by social structures upon increasing scientific literacy among the public. Lewontin says that knowing a gene's DNA sequence doesn't help in learning about its function, which is just wrong. Might be worth checking out: [Richard Lewontin - Biology as Ideology Lecture 1] (People like him help to foster that distrust with their dogmatism and intellectual dishonesty.

— Richard C. Lewontin. The mould in the dish was accidental; his realization that it was important, and subsequent study of said mould, was not.Lewontin says that knowing a gene's DNA sequence doesn't help in learning about its function, which is just wrong. A colleague of mine has discovered a new gene that has clearly been made from a large piece of a different gene, one that codes for an enzyme that splits alcohol. An example is a large class of proteins, the G-protein receptors, that can be seen from their sequences to be associated with cell membranes, but whose functions turn out to include color vision, olfaction, immune response, blood clotting, and the reproductive cycle.It is also true that many genes have arisen in evolution by the duplication of other genes and then have diverged in DNA sequence from their parental forms. And then there are all the commercial uses of DNA technology in industrial and agricultural production.

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